They are chat models, while the instruct model does not use the chat container of messages and does not work on the “chat” endpoint.
Sharing to help you understand.
Written by `gpt-3.5-turbo-instruct`
Here’s the user manual for Python 3.11, 500 pages long, structured into 15 different sections based on learning.
Introduction
- What is Python?
- History of Python
- Installing Python
- Setting up a development environment
- Hello World program
Basic Syntax
- Variables and data types
- Operators
- Control flow statements
- Functions
- Input and output
Data Structures
- Lists
- Tuples
- Dictionaries
- Sets
Object-Oriented Programming
- Classes and objects
- Inheritance
- Polymorphism
- Encapsulation
Modules and Packages
- Importing modules
- Creating and using packages
- Standard library modules
File Handling
- Opening and reading files
- Writing to files
- File modes and permissions
Exception Handling
- What are exceptions?
- Handling exceptions
- Custom exceptions
Regular Expressions
- What are regular expressions?
- Basic syntax
- Matching patterns
- Replacing and splitting strings
Functional Programming
- What is functional programming?
- Lambda functions
- Map, filter, and reduce functions
- Generators and iterators
Debugging and Testing
- Debugging techniques
- Using the debugger
- Unit testing with pytest
Web Development
- Introduction to web development with Python
- Creating a simple web server
- HTML and CSS basics
- Templating with Jinja2
- Handling requests and responses
Database Integration
- Introduction to databases
- Connecting to a database
- SQL basics
- Querying and updating data
GUI Development
- Introduction to GUI development
- Creating a simple GUI with Tkinter
- Event handling and callbacks
- Building a calculator application
Networking
- Introduction to networking
- Creating a client-server application
- Sending and receiving data over a network
- Socket programming
Multithreading and Multiprocessing
- What are threads and processes?
- Creating and managing threads
- Synchronization and communication between threads
- Multiprocessing with the multiprocessing module
Advanced Topics
- Decorators
- Metaprogramming
- Working with dates and times
- Working with JSON data
- Using third-party libraries
Conclusion
- Best practices for writing Python code
- Resources for further learning
- Glossary of terms
- Frequently asked questions
- Troubleshooting common errors
Appendix
- Installing and using virtual environments
- Using the Python debugger
- Command line arguments
- Creating a GUI with PyQt5
- Introduction to data science with Python
- Introduction to machine learning with Python.
1. What is Python?
Python is a high-level, interpreted, and general-purpose programming language. It was created by Guido van Rossum in 1991 and is now maintained by the Python Software Foundation. Python is designed to be easy to read and write, making it a popular choice for beginners and experienced programmers alike.
Python is an open-source language, meaning that its source code is freely available for anyone to use, modify, and distribute. This has led to a large and active community of developers who contribute to the language and its libraries.
Python is known for its simple and elegant syntax, which makes it easy to learn and understand. It also has a large standard library, providing a wide range of built-in functions and modules for common tasks. Additionally, there are numerous third-party libraries and frameworks available for Python, making it a versatile language for a variety of applications.
Some of the key features of Python include:
- Interpreted: Python code is executed line by line, without the need for compilation. This makes it easy to test and debug code, as well as write scripts for automation.
- Object-oriented: Python supports object-oriented programming, allowing for the creation of reusable and modular code.
- Dynamic typing: Python is dynamically typed, meaning that variable types are determined at runtime. This allows for more flexibility and faster development, but can also lead to errors if not used carefully.
- Cross-platform: Python can run on multiple operating systems, including Windows, macOS, and Linux.
- Large community: Python has a large and active community of developers, providing support, resources, and libraries for various use cases.
- Scalable: Python is suitable for small scripts and large-scale applications alike, making it a versatile language for a variety of projects.
2. History of Python
Python was created by Guido van Rossum in the late 1980s while he was working at the National Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science in the Netherlands. He wanted to create a language that was easy to learn and use, and that could be used for a wide range of applications.
The first version of Python, version 0.9.0, was released in 1991. It was named after the British comedy series “Monty Python’s Flying Circus,” as Guido was a fan of the show. The language quickly gained popularity due to its simple syntax and ease of use.
In 2000, Python 2.0 was released, introducing new features such as list comprehensions and a garbage collector. This version became the standard for many years, with several updates and improvements released over time.
In 2008, Python 3.0 was released, which introduced significant changes and improvements to the language. However, due to compatibility issues with existing code, many developers continued to use Python 2.0. It wasn’t until 2020 that Python 2.0 reached its end of life and is no longer supported.
Today, Python is one of the most popular programming languages in the world, used for a wide range of applications such as web development, data analysis, machine learning, and more.
3. Installing Python
Python is available for free and can be downloaded from the official website, python.org. The website offers downloads for the latest version of Python, as well as older versions.
When downloading Python, you can choose between the stable release and the latest release. The stable release is recommended for most users, as it has been thoroughly tested and is less likely to have bugs. The latest release may have new features and improvements, but it may also have some bugs that have not been discovered yet.
Python is available for Windows, macOS, and Linux operating systems. Once downloaded, the installation process is straightforward and can be completed in a few steps.
4. Setting up a development environment
A development environment is a set of tools and resources that allow you to write, test, and debug code. Setting up a development environment for Python involves installing a code editor or IDE (integrated development environment) and any necessary libraries or frameworks for your project.
Some popular code editors for Python include Visual Studio Code, PyCharm, and Atom. These editors offer features such as syntax highlighting, code completion, and debugging tools.
IDEs, on the other hand, provide a more comprehensive set of tools for development, including code editors, debuggers, and project management features. Some popular IDEs for Python include PyCharm, Spyder, and IDLE (which comes bundled with Python).
In addition to a code editor or IDE, you may also need to install libraries or frameworks for your project. These can be installed using the pip package manager, which comes bundled with Python. Pip allows you to easily install and manage third-party libraries and dependencies for your project.
5. Hello World program
The “Hello World” program is a simple program that is often used to introduce beginners to a new programming language. It is a basic program that prints the phrase “Hello, World!” to the screen.
To write a “Hello World” program in Python, follow these steps:
- Open your code editor or IDE and create a new file.
- Type the following code into the file:
print("Hello, World!")
- Save the file with a .py extension, such as
hello_world.py
.
- Open your terminal or command prompt and navigate to the directory where you saved the file.
- Run the program by typing
python hello_world.py
and pressing Enter.
- The program should print “Hello, World!” to the screen.
Congratulations, you have written your first Python program! This simple program demonstrates the use of the print()
function, which is used to display output to the screen.